> field notes / arctic

The Arctic, as it warms. Notes from the top edge of the map.

Ice, ground, ocean, ships, towns. Five subjects. Short entries. How each part of the north behaves now, what is shifting, and what the shift touches next. Written to be read in order or dipped into.

90N80N70N60Npolar projection-- ice edge

Field index

  1. Sea ice
  2. Permafrost
  3. Greenland ice sheet
  4. Shipping routes
  5. Communities and governance

Order is editorial: ocean first, ground second, then the ice sheet, then the human systems that respond. Not a ranking.

[01] ocean

Sea ice

Frozen seawater. Grows every winter, shrinks every summer. The old, thick ice is going first, leaving a younger pack that melts back further each year. Albedo, ocean heat, storms. What an ice-free summer means and what it does not.

Open note 01

[02] ground

Permafrost

Ground frozen for years, sometimes since the last ice age. Thaws from the top down. Carbon leaves as gas, buildings lose their footing, coasts of frozen mud slump into the sea. Zones, mechanisms, and what stands on it.

Open note 02

[03] ice sheet

Greenland ice sheet

The largest body of ice in the northern hemisphere. Loses mass two ways: melt on the surface, calving at the coast. Outlet glaciers, dark zones, warm fjord water. Why its future matters to every coastline on the planet.

Open note 03

[04] routes

Shipping routes

Three passages: along Russia, through Canada, across the pole. Seasonal windows, ice-class hulls, escort, the Polar Code. Whose waters they are, who disputes it, and why most Arctic shipping still goes to the Arctic rather than through it.

Open note 04

[05] people

Communities and governance

Who lives there. Coastal villages losing ground. Ice cellars, reindeer, whales, fire. The Arctic Council, the law of the sea, the Svalbard Treaty. Decisions made far from the coast that decide what the coast becomes.

Open note 05

Terms in use

Sea ice extent
Area of ocean with at least a set fraction of ice cover. The standard yardstick for the pack. Peaks in late winter, bottoms out in late summer.
Albedo
Fraction of sunlight a surface reflects. Snow and ice: high. Open water and bare tundra: low. Loss of ice lowers albedo and the ocean warms faster.
Multiyear ice
Sea ice that has survived at least one summer melt. Thicker, fresher, stronger than first-year ice. The part of the pack in fastest decline.
Permafrost
Ground that stays at or below freezing for at least two consecutive years. Can be rock, sediment, or ice-rich soil. Covered by a thin layer that thaws each summer.
Active layer
The top of the ground that thaws in summer and refreezes in winter. Deepening as summers lengthen.
Thermokarst
Land surface collapsing as ground ice melts. Pits, slumps, lakes, drained lakes. Fast, uneven thaw.
Marine-terminating glacier
A glacier whose front stands in the sea. Loses ice by calving and by melting where it meets warm water. Greenland's fast outlets are all of this type.
Polar Code
The International Maritime Organization's code for ships in polar waters. Covers hull, equipment, training, and environmental measures.
Arctic Council
Intergovernmental forum of the eight Arctic states, with Indigenous peoples' organisations as Permanent Participants. Discusses environment and sustainable development, not military matters.
Northern Sea Route
The passage along Russia's Arctic coast from the Kara Gate to the Bering Strait. Administered under Russian rules, escorted in ice.